Alternative Culture "Industries" MSA 18 Pasadena
Raymond Williams, in his Sociology of Culture, articulates a model of cultural production that operates outside the culture industry as monolithic institutional force. Distinguishing between institutions and what he calls formations, Williams argues, "is a working distinction, to make possible some variety of approach to the question of the effective social relations of culture" ("Institutions" 35). This quote proves suggestive for exploring and theorizing possible alternative cultural industries, outside the authoring institutions of the publishing firm and the university, which played a central role in the early construction of modernism.