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SECAC 2026 Conference - Immerisve Threads: Narrative, Participation, and the Making of Experiential Worlds

updated: 
Wednesday, March 18, 2026 - 4:51pm
Angela Whitlock/SECAC Conference 2026
deadline for submissions: 
Wednesday, April 1, 2026

Please consider submitting an abstract to present in my conference panel. The conference is open to graduate students (MA and PhD-track), educators, practicing artists, and museum professionals. Details below:

Call for Abstracts – SECAC Panel

Immersive Threads: Narrative, Participation, and the Making of Experiential Worlds

How do narrative and participation become interwoven within immersive environments? How do we, as participants, become threads within experiential artworks, installations, museums, performances, digital platforms, or urban spaces?

CFP: The Journal of Therapeutic and Applied Geek and Gaming Culture (TAGGC)

updated: 
Wednesday, March 18, 2026 - 4:51pm
The Journal of Therapeutic and Applied Geek and Gaming Culture (TAGGC), Geek Therapy
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, June 30, 2026

The Journal of Therapeutic and Applied Geek and Gaming Culture (TAGGC) is a new academic journal for professionals studying the intersections of Geek and Gaming cultures and mental health to share their work. 

 

Between Then and Now: Performing Archives

updated: 
Wednesday, March 18, 2026 - 4:51pm
Manchester Metropolitan University
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, April 24, 2026

 

Between Then and Now: Performing Archives

The Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, 23-24 June 2026

Convened by the Performance Research Group, Manchester School of Theatre, Manchester Metropolitan University

  

Call for contributions

 

IN COLLABORATION ON COOPERATION: RESEARCH IN LINGUISTICS WITHIN FRENCH-POLISH TEAMS

updated: 
Wednesday, March 18, 2026 - 4:50pm
University of Silesia in Katowice and Polish Academy of Sciences Scientific Centre in Paris
deadline for submissions: 
Sunday, May 10, 2026

The Polish Academy of Sciences Scientific Centre in Paris and the Institute of Linguistics of the University of Silesia in Katowice cordially invite you to the academic conference entitled:

IN COLLABORATION ON COOPERATION: RESEARCH IN LINGUISTICS WITHIN FRENCH-POLISH TEAMS

9–10 July 2026
Scientific Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences
74 Rue Lauriston, 75116 Paris, France

Class and Capitalism in Literature, Film, and Culture

updated: 
Wednesday, March 18, 2026 - 4:49pm
Pacific Ancient and Modern Language Association (PAMLA)
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, May 15, 2026

The way our current globally interconnected and digitally enabled capitalist formation continuously reshapes itself to reinforce categories of class and overarching capitalist structures requires analyses that engage and critique these adaptive forces of capital. Responding to this need, this seminar seeks to examine the relationship of texts to a global capitalist economy by asking how class and capitalism function within and exert force upon texts and their contexts—in film, literature, art, video games, social media, and other extratextual spaces such as fan sites. In concert with this year’s theme, we also invite examinations of representations of the capitalist ruling class and the material and ideological effects of these representations.

Biblical and Middle Eastern Literatures

updated: 
Wednesday, March 18, 2026 - 4:49pm
PAMLA 2026
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, May 15, 2026

We invite submissions for a special session at the 2026 PAMLA meeting (Seattle, WA; November 12-15, 2026) on “Biblical and Middle Eastern Literatures.” All papers will be allotted about 20 minutes. Papers must be presented in person.

Last Call: Abstracts for "Bodies of Culture: Somaesthetic Explorations" conference

updated: 
Thursday, March 5, 2026 - 1:30am
Center for Body Mind and Culture, FAU
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, August 18, 2026

This is the last call to submit abstracts for the Bodies of Culture: Somaesthetic Explorations conference, taking place at Florida Atlantic University on November 6–7, 2026.

Abstract submission deadline: August 18, 2026

We welcome proposals from scholars and practitioners across the humanities, social sciences, medical humanities, and the arts. Selected papers may be considered for publication in The Journal of Somaesthetics or an edited volume in Brill's Studies in Somaesthetics series.

Breaking Commentary for the Pittsburgh Review of Books

updated: 
Friday, January 9, 2026 - 7:15pm
Carnegie Mellon University
deadline for submissions: 
Monday, August 2, 2027

Since September of 2025 the English Department at Carnegie Mellon University has housed a new publication called The Pittsburgh Review of Books (or PRoB), available at http://www.pghrev.com We are particularly interested in pieces by scholars that analyze or contextualize breaking news - be it political, cultural, or social events - that can be published quickly. 

Edited by author and Public Humanities Special Faculty Ed Simon, PRoB is a home for engaged, creative, and interdisciplinary cultural criticism and analysis across the humanities. The tone of the publication is similar to other para-academic publications intended for both specialists and a general audience. 

The Pittsburgh Review of Books

updated: 
Friday, January 9, 2026 - 7:15pm
Carnegie Mellon University
deadline for submissions: 
Monday, August 2, 2027

Since September of 2025 the English Department at Carnegie Mellon University has housed a new publication called The Pittsburgh Review of Books (or PRoB), available at http://www.pghrev.com

Edited by author and Public Humanities Lecturer Ed Simon, PRoB is a home for engaged, creative, and interdisciplinary cultural criticism and analysis across the humanities. The tone of the publication is similar to other para-academic publications intended for both specialists and a general audience. Currently we are particularly interested in analysis that intersects with breaking news that can be produced by scholars quickly.

Cinematic Memory: Narrative, Recollection, and Identity: How Viewers Remember Through Film: a Survey

updated: 
Monday, September 1, 2025 - 3:15pm
David Ryan, University of San Francisco
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, October 16, 2026

You are invited to participate in a research study survey examining the relationship between film and memory.

This study explores how film experiences may shape personal, emotional, neurological, and cultural recollection, including how individuals understand events they did not directly experience. You will be asked to reflect on your film viewing habits, emotional and cognitive responses to specific films or scenes, and the ways films may influence your understanding of memory, history, and identity.

Bloomsbury's Cultural History of Countercultures in the Long-Nineteenth Century

Gabrielle Miller (Baylor U)
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, December 1, 2026

Call for Papers

Bloomsbury Cultural Histories Series

A Cultural History of Countercultures in the Long-Nineteenth Century

Volume Editors:

Rhi Johnson (Indiana University Bloomington)

Gabrielle Miller (Baylor University)

 

Although the term “counterculture” is a recent development, tracing back only to the 1970s, cultural

movements and ideals that reject established social values and practices, or that oppose traditional,

Earth and Other Alien Worlds: Cinematic Representations of Planeterity [NEMLA 2027]

Randy Laist/NEMLA
deadline for submissions: 
Wednesday, September 30, 2026

In Spring of 2026, the first stage of NASA’s Artemis mission captured photographs of the Earth from space, a collective earthling selfie that momentarily transcended the squalor and congestion of the daily news cycle. While satellite imagery, Google maps, and weather forecasting technology have made representations of the global scale relatively commonplace, the astronaut photos have a human presence that allows them to capture something of the sublimity of what it means to live on a planet.

Healing Narratives: Exploring Humanity in Medicine and Healthcare

Konstantina Kliagkona ("KN: Forensic, Literature, Arts & Media Studies"/ Independent Researcher, Freelancer EFL, Criminology Teacher, & Offender Profiler)
deadline for submissions: 
Sunday, October 4, 2026

Conference Dates: 23-24 October 2026

Format: Online (via ZOOM)

 

International, interdisciplinary conference titled:

 

Healing Narratives: Exploring Humanity in Medicine and Healthcare

 

 

Call for Papers: Biography, Autobiography, Memoir, and Personal Narrative - Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call for Papers

Biography, Autobiography, Memoir, and Personal Narrative

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

 

48th Annual Conference, February 17-20, 2027

Marriott Albuquerque

Albuquerque, New Mexico

https://swpaca.org

Submissions open: September 1, 2026

Proposal submission deadline: October 31, 2026

 

Journal Submissions: Indiana English

Indiana College English Association
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, May 25, 2027

Journal Submissions: Indiana English deadline for submissions: May 30, 2027 full name / name of organization: Indiana English (Indiana College English Association) contact email: zimmerlys@uindy.edu 

Looking for book reviewers!

FEMSPEC
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, December 1, 2026

FEMSPEC is looking for a scholar to review a new book released by a university press on anti-trans panic released as part of their feminist series and another book about the intersices of childhood sexuality. We particularly invite scholars working across feminist and transgender/queer studies. 

The review should be no longer than 1000 words, double-spaced, and in Times New Roman 12 font. For more information on submission guidelines see https://www.femspec.org/submission-guidelines

The review is also due 8 weeks after you released the book and must be submitted by email to Monique Attrux, book review editor at moniqueattrux@gmail.com

Animals in Popular Culture Area

Popular Culture Association
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call For Papers

 

Popular Culture Association

Animals in Popular Culture Area

Boston, Massachusetts, USA

March 24-27, 2027

 

 

Black Study, In Comparison

Matthew Molinaro, University of Toronto
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 22, 2026

In-Person Seminar at American Comparative Literature Association (ACLA) in Houston, TX, May 20-23, 2027.

SWPACA Math & Engineering with Popular Culture

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call for Papers

MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

 

48th Annual Conference, February 17-20, 2027

Marriott Albuquerque

Albuquerque, New Mexico

https://www.southwestpca.org

Submissions open: September 1, 2026

Proposal submission deadline: October 31, 2026

 

Dreaming Our Futures: The Trans* Research Association of Ireland's 3rd Annual Symposium

The Trans* Research Association of Ireland
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, October 2, 2026

Dreaming Our Futures, the 3rd Annual Trans* Association of Ireland Symposium, will take place at Mary Immaculate College, Limerick on November 20 and 21st 2026.

Our keynote speaker is poet and activist-scholar, Dr Nat Raha. Dr Raha’s work focuses on transfeminism, LGBTQ+ genders and sexualities, practices and collectives of care and social reproduction, racial capitalism and decolonization, and critical theory. Her work spans across poetry, print cultures, art, politics, liberation movements and hi(r)story. She is the co-author of Trans Femme Futures: Abolitionist Ethics for Transfeminist Worlds (2024) with Mijke van der Drift. 

The symposium will be free to attend virtually and in-person. 

Beyond the Blue Planet: Outer Space, Inner Space, and Extraterrestrial Oceans

Haunted Shores Research Network
deadline for submissions: 
Sunday, January 10, 2027

‘It seemed to him that the wharf was floating away into the night; but it was Nostromo, who was already pushing against a pile with one of the heavy sweeps. Decoud did not move; the effect was that of being launched into space.’
Joseph Conrad, Nostromo (1904)

‘This is Ripley, last survivor of the Nostromo, signing off.’
Alien (1979)

 

Date: 2 April 2027 (Online)

The Time Has Come: William Faulkner, James Baldwin, and American Modernity

The Faulkner Studies in the UK Research Network
deadline for submissions: 
Monday, March 1, 2027

The Tenth Faulkner Studies in the UK Colloquium

The Time Has Come: William Faulkner, James Baldwin, and American Modernity

May 1st and 2nd, 2027

Online via Zoom

With keynote addresses by

Professor Aliyyah Abdur-Rahman

(author of Millennial Style: The Politics of Experiment in Contemporary African Diasporic Culture [2024])

and

Professor Douglas Field

(author of Walking in the Dark: James Baldwin, My Father, and Me [2024])

 

Robert Frost and Music (ALA symposium, Nashville TN, 28-30 Jan. 2027)

The Robert Frost Society
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 15, 2026

The American Literature Association will hold a symposium on “Music and the American Literary Imagination” in Nashville, TN (January 28-30, 2027), and the Robert Frost Society seeks proposals for papers on Frost and music. Topics might include 

-new readings of Frost poems explicitly about music

-Frost’s interest in musical notation, meter, intonation, voice, pitch, timbre

-Frost's uses of musical forms

-Frost’s poems about thrushes, ovenbirds, brooks, and other musicians of the nonhuman world 

-Frost’s references to (e.g. metaphors drawing on) music, sound, or voice

-Frost and sound studies, recitation, performance, audio recordings

-musical settings of or responses to Frost’s poems

CFP: Global Asias 8 Conference

Global Asias Initiative
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, October 16, 2026

Penn State will host the Global Asias 8 Conference in spring 2027. Sponsored by the Global Asias Initiative (GAI) and the Department of Asian Studies, GA8 complements the work of the award-winning journal Verge: Studies in Global Asias and the Global Asias: Method, Architecture, Praxis book series. By bringing into relation work in Asian studies, Asian American studies, and Asian diaspora studies, these Global Asias projects cover Asia and its diasporas, East to West, across and around the Pacific, from a variety of humanistic perspectives—anthropology, art history, literature, history, sociology, and political science—to develop comparative analyses that recognize Asia’s place(s) in the development of global culture and history.

Poetry and Pop

American Comparative Literature Association
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 22, 2026

This seminar will convene a chorus of new approaches to the study of poetry and global pop music, sister arts dynamized by dizzying asymmetries. Where and when they are practiced as distinct or differently mediated forms of cultural expression, poetry and popular song are linked by histories both long and recent, by subject matter, by patterns of figural and prosodic design, and by their shared claims to those effects some call “lyric.” At the same time, the trajectories of literary modernism and commercial music refract this common ground beyond recognition. In 1939, Clement Greenberg could decry a self-evident chasm of cultural difference between “a poem by T. S.

Circuits: Transpacific Technologies and Speculative Futures in the Asian American South

Texas Association for Asian American Diaspora Studies (TAAADS)
deadline for submissions: 
Sunday, November 1, 2026

Texas Association for Asian American Diaspora Studies (TAAADS) contact email: taaadscollab@gmail.com 

The Call for Papers for the Texas Association for Asian American Diaspora Studies (TAAADS) 2027 conference, taking place February 19-20 2027 at the University of Texas, Austin, is now live!

The full CFP is available at https://tinyurl.com/TAAADS-2027.

"Human Rights, Violence and Dictatorship"

InMind Support
deadline for submissions: 
Wednesday, September 30, 2026

Conference: 22-23 October 2026 (online)

Scientific Committee:

Professor Wojciech Owczarski – University of Gdańsk, Poland

Professor Paulo Endo – University of São Paulo, Brazil

Punishment and Privilege: The Cinema of Peter Watkins

2026 American Comparative Literature Association Conference
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 22, 2026

By the time he passed away at the age of 90, British filmmaker Peter Watkins had cemented his legacy as one of the preeminent media scholars of the late-20th and early 21st centuries. Over the course of eight decades, Watkins’ oeuvre represented unrelenting interventions in an industry that was repeatedly acquiescing to the profit motive. Among the themes explored in the director’s work are war (The War Game) and revolution (La Commune). Within these films, his most common approach was the pseudo-documentary. This format helped Watkins combat what he viewed as the passivity that was the dominant mode of discourse in media.

CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS- 'ONE MINUTE BEFORE NOTHING HAPPENS: A Special International Anthology of Absurd & Existential One-Minute Plays'

UMBRELLAS FOR FISH: An International Journal of Absurd & Existential Drama
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, October 2, 2026

CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS ONE MINUTE BEFORE NOTHING HAPPENS A Special International Anthology of Absurd & Existential One-Minute Plays UMBRELLAS FOR FISH An International Journal of Absurd & Existential Drama Website: https://ufjournal.wixsite.com/umbrellas-for-fish/issues-archive Submission email:  ufjournal@aol.com ABOUT THE ANTHOLOGY Umbrellas for Fish is pleased to announce a special international anthology of Absurd and Existentia

The W. Franklin Evans Review: Peer-Reviewed Global Call for Student Submissions—Fall 2026

W. Franklin Evans Honors College /Voorhees University
deadline for submissions: 
Friday, October 30, 2026

CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS

THE W. FRANKLIN EVANS REVIEW
Inaugural Fall 2026 Issue

Theme: Leadership, Legacy, and Transformation

The W. Franklin Evans Honors College at Voorhees University invites undergraduate and graduate students from colleges and universities worldwide to submit original work for the inaugural Fall 2026 issue of The W. Franklin Evans Review: A Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal of Student Leadership, Scholarship, and Creative Expression.

The journal provides an international platform for emerging scholars, leaders, writers, artists, and creators whose work examines leadership, service, innovation, identity, resilience, ethical decision-making, legacy, and positive social transformation.

Robert Frost and Music (ALA symposium, Nashville TN, 28-30 Jan. 2027)

The Robert Frost Society
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 15, 2026

The American Literature Association will hold a symposium on “Music and the American Literary Imagination” in Nashville, TN (January 28-30, 2027), and the Robert Frost Society seeks proposals for papers on Frost and music. Topics might include 

-new readings of Frost poems explicitly about music

-Frost’s interest in musical notation, meter, intonation, voice, pitch, timbre

-Frost's uses of musical forms

-Frost’s poems about thrushes, ovenbirds, brooks, and other musicians of the nonhuman world 

-Frost’s references to (e.g. metaphors drawing on) music, sound, or voice

-Frost and sound studies, recitation, performance, audio recordings

-musical settings of or responses to Frost’s poems

The 12th International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature

PAH
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

The 12th International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature is organized by different universities and research centers.

The conference will be dedicated to current issues of linguistics, languages, dialects, literature and translation.

All are cordially invited to present their research regarding current issues of linguistics, languages, dialects, literature and translation in English, Arabic or Persian.

SWPACA 2027: Shondaland

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call for Papers

SHONDALAND

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

48th Annual Conference, February 17-20, 2027

Marriott Albuquerque
Albuquerque, New Mexico
https://swpaca.org
Submissions open: September 1, 2026
Proposal submission deadline: October 31, 2026

Alfred Hitchcock Call for Papers

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call for Papers

ALFRED HITCHCOCK

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

 

48th Annual Conference, February 17-20, 2027

Marriott Albuquerque

Albuquerque, New Mexico

https://swpaca.org

Submissions open: September 1, 2026

Proposal submission deadline: October 31, 2026

 

Apocalypse, Dystopia, and Disaster

Shane Trayers / SWPACA
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call for Papers

Apocalypse, Dystopia, and Disaster

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

 

47th Annual Conference, February 25-28, 2026

Marriott Albuquerque

Albuquerque, New Mexico

https://www.southwestpca.org

Submissions open: September 1, 2026

Proposal submission deadline: October 31, 2026

 

Taylor Swift and Swiftie Studies - SWPACA 2027

Southwest Popular/American Culture Association
deadline for submissions: 
Saturday, October 31, 2026

Call for Papers

Taylor Swift & Swiftie Studies

Southwest Popular / American Culture Association (SWPACA)

48th Annual Conference, February 17-20, 2027

Marriott Albuquerque

Albuquerque, New Mexico

https://swpaca.org

Proposal submission deadline: October 31, 2026

 

MVSA 2027: Detection (Minneapolis, April 1-3)

Midwest Victorian Studies Association
deadline for submissions: 
Monday, December 7, 2026


MVSA 2027 

Detection: Exploring, Innovating Locating, Uncovering

(April 1-3, 2027, Minneapolis, MN)

 

Narrative Entomology

Thomas Bryant
deadline for submissions: 
Sunday, December 13, 2026

Panel Call for ASLE 2027, 22–24 June 2027 at the University of Maryland, College Park

 

Contact: Thomas Bryant, Penn State (Thomasabryant4@gmail.com

 

Utopias in Dystopias: Finding Hope and Inspiration in Dystopian Fiction

Dan Marijanovic/Northeast Modern Language Association (NeMLA)
deadline for submissions: 
Wednesday, September 30, 2026

Dystopian literature is replete with examples of both individuals who resist and communities of resilience and resistance which model values and activities that stand in contrast to and in spite of the dystopian settings of the story. This panel seeks to bring together critical investigations of dystopian literature which attempt to bring to the fore lessons that can be learned to help us (re)imagine just communities amidst a world of political, economic and ecological decline and regression.

Mode of Presentation: Hybrid: The session will be held in-person but a few remote presentations may be included.

ICLA Translation Studies Committee Seminar Proposal at 2027 ACLA Houston

ICLA Translation Committee
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 22, 2026

"Digital Memory and the Translation of World Literature"

Conference organized by the American Comparative Literature Association
Official Seminar organized by The ICLA Translation Committee
To submit a proposal, please follow the link:
https://www.acla.org/seminar/fde38874-a710-4e69-b62e-f169ab7f722e

Venue: VIRTUAL 2027 Annual Meeting

15-16 May 2027, Virtual

Medieval and Early Modern People and their Things

CSULB Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
deadline for submissions: 
Monday, September 14, 2026

Medieval and Early Modern People and their Things

 

People perceive the world and their place in it through interacting with objects. Through these subject-object relationships, people experience the potential of materials, both naturally sourced and manmade, as physical resources that can be perceived. A number of concerns arise with the use of these materials amidst acts of meaning-making. How do people use subject-object relationships in negotiating their treatment of objects to define their world views? To innovate new ways of engaging with and replicating the world around them? And how does that process continue to influence how we create future realities for ourselves and others?

 

Teaching the Nineteenth Century in Today's University

Northeast Modern Language Association
deadline for submissions: 
Wednesday, September 30, 2026

In an environment of increasing digital distraction, courses exploring nineteenth-century literature and culture ask students to engage with some of literature’s lengthiest texts. How can we encourage meaningful engagement with nineteenth century “loose, baggy monsters” in today’s university? What resources can we call upon to better engage our students and support their learning in light of the rise of AI and the challenges of online distraction?

For this roundtable, participants will share a 5-10-minute presentation and include discussion of a specific working assignment, assessment strategy, experiential learning opportunity, or in-class activity.

CFP: Comparative Indigenous Literatures | Houston, May 20-23, 2027

American Comparative Literature Association
deadline for submissions: 
Tuesday, September 22, 2026

While Indigenous literary studies has grown substantially over the past several decades, comparative approaches that place Indigenous texts, traditions, and intellectual frameworks in conversation with one another remain relatively rare. Too often, Indigenous texts are incorporated into comparative, world, or global literary frameworks without meaningful engagement with Indigenous studies scholarship, or are read primarily through the organizing categories of nation, region, empire, or postcoloniality. This seminar seeks to create a space for comparative Indigenous literary inquiry that centers Indigenous texts, epistemologies, and methods on their own terms.

EchoForum 2026 Conference: Disability as Radical Interdisciplinary Practice

Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu
deadline for submissions: 
Wednesday, September 30, 2026

EchoForum 2026 Conference: Disability as Radical Interdisciplinary Practice EchoForum: Conceptual Framework

Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu and the members of the EchoCamp project are delighted to extend an invitation to the upcoming conference on disability arts, EchoForum 2026: Disability as Radical Interdisciplinary Practice, taking place between November 26-27, 2026, in SibiuRomania.

How Should One Read a Book?: (Un)common Readers and Reading Practices in Modernisms [ACLA 2027, Houston]

Dipanjan Maitra (Louisiana Tech University) and Minjung Ha (Texas A&M)
deadline for submissions: 
Monday, September 21, 2026

How do we study reading practices of the modernist era? After the development of what Richard Altick (1957) famously called the “democracy of print” in the nineteenth century, and the move toward mass literacy in the Anglophone world, how did  the act of reading and readership get transformed? Virginia Woolf’s 1926 essay, “How Should One Read a Book?” called reading the “most arduous and exhausting of occupations” and made the case for a discerning reader who would give the writer the “benefit of every doubt.” While the modernist era championed close reading with the evolution of New Criticism and I.A.

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